The Intrepid Pea

The concept of the New Year is something that exists cross-culturally, originating in ancient and possibly even prehistoric times, and continuing into the present day where the first day of the year is celebrated around the world. The new year is observed through the tracking of time in calendars, which can be organised by different principles. Given the passing of days as marked by sunrise and sunset, ancient practices of timekeeping were based on this regular occurrence.   Lunar Calendar Lunar calendars are based on the cycle of the Moon, measured by lunar (also known as synodic) months which cover the phases of the Moon including new, full, gibbous and crescent moons. The appearance of the Moon from Earth is determined by the position of the Moon in relation to the Sun and Earth, with the naming of the Moon phases referring to the portion of the Moon that is illuminated by the Sun at a point in time. This cycle covers about 29.5 days with small variations. Eight phases of the Moon,

Pilliga Forest is a large forest in central north New South Wales, about three hours west of the large regional centre of Tamworth by road. The forest is made up of multiple state managed parks, and covers an area of about 5000 hectares, double the size of Sydney. The Pilliga Forest is in the land of the Gamilaraay (also known as Gamilaroi or Kamilaroi) people, who are the original Indigenous inhabitants of this land. Evidence of the long-ranging presence of the Gamilaraay people in this area is seen in the archaeology distributed across their country, including in the Pilliga Forest. Due to the continuing ban on international travel for Australians and restrictions on interstate travel, a country roadtrip through NSW in late October seemed like a great opportunity to get out of the busyness of Sydney and explore some areas of the state that we otherwise may not ever have had the chance to travel to. Pilliga Forest Discovery Centre  The Pilliga Forest Discovery Centre is located in t

Origins of the word Civilisation may seem like an impartial concept as just another word in the English language. But the connotations of the word, and its use in archaeology, are rightfully contentious if you look deeper. The origins of the term in English relates to the French word civilisé , meaning 'civilised', which itself derives from the Latin civilis ('civil'). The Latin term is associated with civis , 'citizen', and civitas, 'city'.  M. Gossler 2005, Wikimedia Commons. The Eurocentrism inherent in the term 'civilisation' is clear when considering the history of this word. The ancient Romans contrasted themselves, who they viewed as civilis (civil), with non-Roman groups who were seen as being inferior or uncivilised. The ancient Greek term barbaros , used to refer to non-Greek speaking people of other cultures, was later adopted in Latin during the time of the Roman Empire. It is from this word that the English term barbarian is derived

As part of my PhD research I have been looking at early writing systems. Writing systems are the way that language is visually represented. In the case of archaeology, writing systems make languages accessible to us through recording. If we know how to interpret a writing system, we can reconstruct the writing back into the speech that it represents. In this way we can find out much more about an ancient society than from archaeological artefacts alone. The earliest languages that we are aware of include Sumerian, ancient Chinese, ancient Egyptian, and Indus Valley or Harappan writing (the subject of my PhD). The Sumerians are credited with the first invention of writing about 5000 years ago, which developed from earlier non-written symbolic communication. Their writing system of cuneiform consisted of wedge-shaped strokes that were initially used for keeping administrative records to support their society. Other uses of the language include religious purposes and royal communication.